Module 3: Coping with Culture Shock and Emotions

Traveling to low- and middle-income countries is unlike traveling to other high-income countries – volunteers must be prepared for an emotional roller coaster. In an effort to examine the impact of international volunteer work on the volunteers themselves, globalization and international development consultant Arif Jinha conducted an in-depth analysis of personal accounts of volunteer experiences. Although each experience abroad is personal and unique, many past volunteers gave similar accounts of the impact of witnessing poverty firsthand and the emotions that stemmed from recognizing the extent of health disparities and disease burden in the Global South.(1) The following is a preview of some distressing emotions a volunteer may feel, as well as ways to cope.

Overwhelming Sadness

It is often shocking when someone experiences poverty for the first time. In his thesis, Arif Jinha cites personal accounts of poverty discussed by Canadian volunteers in their online blogs:

“It’s beautiful here, there are many mountains/hills and it is green everywhere but it doesn’t take long to see the poverty.”–Karen's blog on Kenya (2)

“I was also bombarded with images of poverty…which, being my first time in a developing country… hit me pretty hard. It’s not really something you can prepare yourself for… seeing it first hand is completely different from reading about it.”–Angela's blog on Kenya(3)

Seeing the conditions people live in will likely elicit feelings of sadness or helplessness. Furthermore, observing extreme poverty “inevitably leads to comparisons and new insight into one’s own state of comparative privilege in the world,”(4) which can give way to feelings of intense guilt. These emotions are normal. One of the best ways to cope with the sadness of poverty is to look for happiness in these communities.

“Obviously compared to us they don’t have the same richness in regards to material possessions, but I found so much of the opposite. There was so much more richness in terms of family, mothers taking care of all their children and fathers coming home and playing with their children. There was a lot of time after school for children to play, and another thing that I noticed was that children hold hands and touch each other and play… I work in elementary schools and you don’t see that as much as that was great to see, and they were full of life and full of laughter – and in that sense I thought that this community is so rich.”–Candice's blog on Tanzania(5)

It also helps to remember that poverty exists in many places, even if one is not aware of it. Rather than feeling guilty about their privilege, volunteers can harness their time, talents, and resources to make an impact. While abroad, a volunteer can have a real impact on the lives of those living in poverty, but only if they are not paralyzed by their emotions.

The “Mzungu” Factor

Being an outsider is never easy, but there are additional challenges associated with being a Western traveler in the developing world. Regardless of status in one’s home country, volunteers will be seen as wealthy; indeed, in this society a volunteer is. People may ask for favors, money, and more, all because they may see a volunteer as not only the solution to their health ailments, but as the solution to their poverty. This added pressure of being a Western visitor has been termed the “mzungu factor.”(6) Mzungu is the Swahili word for a white person, but is applicable to all Western foreigners.

In a clinic setting, patients may assume a volunteer has influence over the medical providers. Volunteers may be approached by patients with very moving stories and may even be asked for favors, whether it be extra medication, an impromptu visit with the doctor, or even monetary assistance. Volunteers may also experience the mzungu factor away from the clinic. People may allow volunteers to take their picture, offer to carry bags, or otherwise extend a helping hand without first indicating that they expect some money in return.(7) In addition to being asked for money directly, volunteers may be quoted higher prices for goods at markets and shops. Lastly, the mzungu factor extends beyond monetary wealth. It is very difficult for citizens of low- and middle-income countries to secure travel visas, and some may therefore see volunteers as a ticket to the Western world. For this reason, be careful about giving out personal contact information.(8)

Experiencing the mzungu factor can be upsetting. Volunteers may feel that people are taking advantage of them or treating them unfairly. The pressure of patients’ requests can become an unwelcome burden, making it tempting to minimize contact with them. Feelings of being an outsider will only be compounded by the mzungu factor. Keep in mind that many people experience these feelings and people who have volunteered in the past will often have valuable advice. For instance, in a web log entry entitled “Dealing With Being White,” international volunteer Karen explains how she coped with the mzungu factor in Kenya by focusing on forming relationships rather than handing out money. “I’m here to build friendships with Kenyans that will last a life time,” she wrote. “Every person I meet will hopefully learn something from this Mzungu, just like I will learn from them. It’s not money, but perhaps it’s something more.”(9) Volunteers will not be able to meet everyone’s demands and must learn to politely decline requests. Local staff and organizers will also be able to help volunteers navigate any uncomfortable or unfamiliar situation, so do not hesitate to ask for help.

Futility

Because the challenges of poverty are so overwhelming, at some point, volunteers may feel helpless or like hard work is not making a difference. While feelings of powerlessness are disheartening, remember that big change is nearly always the aggregate of relatively small steps forward. It is important to focus on a localized set of goals. Volunteers cannot solve global poverty in a period of weeks, but they can make an enormous impact on the lives of those in the community in which they work.

“There are times for all volunteers when the difficult conditions under which they live and work prove upsetting. Many experience intense feelings of discouragement and futility, especially [early on].”(10)

In addition to work abroad, one of the best ways for volunteers to maximize impact is to continue advocacy work upon returning home. As international development expert Jeffrey Sachs observed, two overwhelming barriers prevent the Global North from solving global poverty: “people think there are no solutions other than what we are doing, and that we are doing enough.”(11) After having spent several weeks working abroad, volunteers will have the knowledge and credibility to change such thinking. If volunteers take the time to spread awareness and galvanize others, the poor and powerless will be given a voice. This is no small impact.

In the same vein, do not forget the importance of the personal growth undergone during the volunteer experience. Volunteers will have grown emotionally and professionally and gained clinical and cross-cultural competence. This newfound global citizenship will be carried in future endeavors, which may very well include continued work in international development.

“The student’s own advocacy throughout is acting, helping, empowering, understanding and speaking out. Their experience in the field became commitment and in returning from these experiences, the students made commitments to be part of international health in their careers and throughout their lives… The local impacts of a two-month student experience may be modest, but the impact on creating professional global citizens who will come back again and again in the future to this type of work [is] very significant.”(12)

General Tips for Coping with Culture Shock and Emotions (13)(14)(15)

• Travel in a spirit of humility and with a genuine desire to meet and talk with local people.

• Realize that experiences of culture shock are normal and temporary.

• Practice good self-care – eat well, exercise, and get enough sleep.

• Do not take anything too seriously – an open mind is the beginning of a great international experience.

• Do not be bothered by others – after coming a long way to learn as much as possible, enjoy the experience, and be a good ambassador.

• Maintain flexibility, an open mind, and a sense of humor.

• Set realistic, short-term goals, and realize that periodic failures are inevitable.

• Carefully review preparation materials – those who have gone before have invaluable advice.

• Do not judge the people of a country by stereotypes or by one person who may have been troublesome.

• Cultivate the habit of listening and observing, rather than merely seeing and hearing.

• Remember that other people’s different conceptions of time, manners, privacy, humor, and tact are just that - different, not inferior.

• Be aware of the feelings of local people to prevent what might be offensive behavior. For example, photography must be particularly respectful of persons.

• Spend time reflecting on daily experiences in order to better understand and contextualize them.

Footnotes

(1) Jinha, A. “Students in a Globalized World: Impact of Volunteer Work in Developing Countries on Students of the Health Professions.” Honors Undergraduate Thesis, University of Ottawa (2006).

(2) Karen’s blog, as quoted in Jinha, 2006.

(3) Angela’s blog, as quoted in Jinha, 2006.

(4) Jinha, A. “Students in a Globalized World: Impact of Volunteer Work in Developing Countries on Students of the Health Professions.” Honors Undergraduate Thesis, University of Ottawa (2006).

(5) Candice storytelling, as quoted in Jinha, 2006.

(6) Jinha, A. “Students in a Globalized World: Impact of Volunteer Work in Developing Countries on Students of the Health Professions.” Honors Undergraduate Thesis, University of Ottawa (2006).

(7) Clarke, J. “Cushioning Cultural Shocks: Guidelines For Volunteers To Ghana.” https://www.uniteforsight.org/intl_volunteer/cushioningculturalshock.php.

(8) “Culture Matters: The Peace Corps Cross-Cultural Workbook.”Peace Corps Information and Collection Exchange, Peace Corps, pp. 163. https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/library/T0087_Culture_Matters.pdf.

(9) Jinha, A. “Students in a Globalized World: Impact of Volunteer Work in Developing Countries on Students of the Health Professions.” Honors Undergraduate Thesis, University of Ottawa (2006).

(10) “Living Conditions and Volunteer Lifestyles in Cameroon: Rewards and Frustrations.”https://www.peacecorps.gov/.

(11) Epstein, J. “Economist urges Americans to do more to fight world poverty.” San Francisco Chronicle. 8 May 2005: A-4. https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Econo.

(12) Jinha, A. “Students in a Globalized World: Impact of Volunteer Work in Developing Countries on Students of the Health Professions.” Honors Undergraduate Thesis, University of Ottawa (2006).

(13) “How to Prepare: Cultural Adjustment.” Center for International Education, University of California, Irvine. www.cie.uci.edu.

(14) Cultural Adjustment.” International Office, University of California, Berkeley. Internationaloffice.berkeley.edu.

(15) What is Culture Shock? And How to Adjust in a New Culture.” Consortium for International Education & Multicultural Studies.